A paper on our latest study on bike frame structures was our contribution to the IASS-IWSS Conference 2026, September 14-18 in Turin, Italy
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discrete
CLUSTER 2: Manual Aggregations with Blocks
In order to simplify rules definition for Wasp Parts with a high number of connections, we implemented a new method which allows to manually aggregate Parts in Rhino, and automatically detect rules from this manual Aggregation structure.
Continue readingCluster 1: k-means optimization
Cluster 1: pattern use case speculations
Based on the specific potentials, we sketched potential use case scenarios for three different patterns.
Continue readingCLUSTER 2: The Detergent Bottle as Building Block: From Geometry to Pattern to Surface Structure
In this part of our ongoing exploration into how detergent bottles can become building blocks, we return to the idea of designing the shape of the bottle. Not by changing the form in complex ways, but by applying what we’ve learned from space-filling geometry.
Instead of completely transforming the bottle, we focused on minimal modifications, while making it suitable for a second life as a modular element.
CLUSTER 2: The Detergent Bottle as Building Block: Exploring Interlocking, Puzzle Logic, and Shape-Driven Reuse
Learning from the WOBO bottle – (you can read more in our previous blog post) – we were fascinated by how the design embedded reuse directly into the form of the packaging.
We’ve been exploring the idea of giving packaging not just a second life through recycling, but a second function through design. This led us to experiment with how detergent bottles could be transformed into interlocking, modular components, inspired by Japanese joinery, 3D puzzle logic.
CLUSTER 2: Learning from Heineken’s WOBO Bottle
WOBO: The Beer Bottle Designed to Build Homes. In the 1960s, Alfred Heineken visited Curaçao and noticed two things: beaches were littered with glass bottles, many from his own brand, and a huge housing shortage. This led him to an idea: what if beer bottles could be used as bricks for housing?
Continue readingCluster 3: Toy recreated- Curved Space Diamond Structure
We’ve recreated all five pieces of the Curved Space for 3D printing, transforming them into a toy. The goal was to explore the challenges and problems of the structure on a small scale in order to better understand what needs attention when scaling up.
Continue readingCluster 3 – Curved Space Diamond Structure Analysis
In an effort to advance discrete element aggregation using the Grasshopper3D plugin WASP (and Andrea building new features into it along the way), we are exploring a ‘sequence-based design’ approach and identified Peter Pearce’s Curved Space Diamond Structure as an ideal foundation.
Cluster 1: Bike frames revisited
Using entire bike frames connected at the standard bike joints, 2D lattices can be formed.
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